Tetum Vowels
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		=C3=A4

Tetum consonants
	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	(=C9=B2&nb= sp;~ i=CC=AFn)	(=C5=8B)
Stop	(p)	= b	t	= d		k	(=C9=A1)	=CA=94
Fricative	f	(v)	s	(z)	(=CA=83)	(=CA=92)		h
Approximant			j	w
Lateral		l	(=CA=8E ~ i=CC=AFl)
Flap		=C9=BE
Trill		(r)

v t e Languages of East Timor
Official languages	Portuguese Tetum
National languages	Atauru Baikeno Bekais Bunak Fataluku Galoli Habun Idalaka Kawaimina Kemak Makalero Makasae Makuva Mambai Tokodede Hakka
Working languages	<= div style=3D"padding:0 0.25em"> English Indonesian

Authority control databases: National	United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel

Tetum language

=09

From Wikipedia, the free encycl= opedia

=09 =09

<= tbody><= tr>tetu1245

Tetum
Portuguese: T= =C3=A9tum
Tetun
Native to	Indonesia East Timor=
Native speakers	500,000, mostly in Indonesia (2= 010=E2=80=932011)^[1]
Language fam= ily	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central=E2=80=93Ea= stern = Timor=E2=80= =93Babar Tetumic Tetum
Dialects	Belunese (Tetun Belu) Terik (Tetun Terik)
Official status
&nb= sp;East Timor
Recognised minorit= y language in	Indonesia (East Nusa= Tenggara)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	`tet`
ISO 639-3	`tet`
Glottolog
Distribution in East Timor of Tetum Belu = (west) and Tetum Terik (southeast). The majority of Tetun speakers,= who live in West Timor, are not shown.

<= tr>

Belunese (Tetun Belu)
Terik (Tetun Terik)

Tetu= n Dili
Tetun Prasa Portuguese: T=C3=A9tum Pra=C3=A7a
Tetun Dili, Tetun Prasa
Native to	East Timor
Native speakers	390,000 (2009)^[1] L2: 570,000 in East Timor[2]
= = Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Central=E2=80=93Ea= stern = Timor=E2=80= =93Babar Tetumic Tetun Dili
Dialects
Writing system<= /a>	Latin (Tetum alphabet)
Off= icial status
Official language in	East Timor
Regulated by	National Institute of Linguistics
Language codes
I= SO 639-3	`tdt`
Glottolo= g	tetu1246
Distribution of Tetum Prasa mot= her-tongue speakers in East Timor
This arti= cle contains IPA phonetic symb= ols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or othe= r symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA = symbols, see Help:IPA.

Tetum (Tetun<= /i> [=CB=88t=CC=AAet= =CC=AAun=CC=AA]; Indonesian: Bahasa Tetun; Portuguese: T=C3=A9t= um = [=CB=88t=C9=9Bt=C5=A9])^[3]= is an Austronesian language spoken on the= island of = Timor. It is one of the official languages of Timo= r-Leste and it is also spoken in Belu Regency and Malaka = Regency, which form the eastern part of Indonesian West Timor adjoi= ning Timor-Leste.

There are two main forms of Tetum as a language:

Tetum Terik, whi= ch is a more indigenous form of Tetum marked by different word choice, less= foreign influence and other characteristics such as verb conjugation

Tetum/n Prasa ('market Tetum', from the Portuguese word pra=C3=A7a meani= ng 'town square') or Tetum/n Dili (given its widespread usage in the= capital Dili). This is the form of Tetum (heavily influenced by Portuguese= ) that developed in Dili during colonial rule as local Tetum speakers came = into contact with Portuguese missionaries, traders and colonial rulers. In = East Timor, Tetun Dili is widely spoken fluently as a second languag= e.

Ethnologue classifies Tetun Terik as a dialect of Tetun= .^[1] However, without= previous contact, Tetun Dili is not immediately mutually intelligib= le,^[4] mainly b= ecause of the large number of Portuguese origin words used in Tetun Dili.[citation needed= ] Besides some grammatical simplification, Tetun Dili has been greatl= y influenced by the vocabulary and to a small extent by the grammar of Portuguese, the other official language of East Timor.

Nomenclature<= /h2>[= = edit]=

The English form Tetum is derived from Portuguese, rather than fr= om modern Tetum. Consequently, some people regard Tetun as more appr= opriate.^[=
5] Although this coinc= ides with the favoured Indonesian form, and the variant with m has a= longer history in English, Tetun has also been used by some Portugu= ese-educated Timorese, such as Jos=C3=A9 Ramos-Horta and Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo.

Histo= ry and dialects
[edit]

Languages of Timor Island. Tetum is in yellow.

According to linguist Geoffrey Hull, Tetum has four dialects:^[<=
/span>6]

Tetun-Dili, or Tetun-Prasa (literally 'city Tetum'), = is spoken in the capital, Dili, and its surroundings, in the north of the country. B= ecause of its simpler grammar than other varieties of Tetun, extensive Port= uguese loanwords, and supposed creole-like features, Ethnologue and = some researchers classify it as a Tetun-based creole.^=
[4]^[7]^[8]= This position, however, is also disputed in that while Tetun-Dili may exhi= bit simpler grammar, this does not mean that Tetun-Dili is a creole.^[10]^[11=
] According to Ethnologue, there were 50,000 native= Tetun-Dili speakers in East Timor in 2004 and 370,000 L2 users.^[4]

Tetun-Terik is spoken in the south and southwestern coastal regi= ons. According to Ethnologue, there were 50,000 Tetun-Terik speakers= in East Timor in 1995.^[6]

Tetun-Belu, or the Belunese dialect, is spoken in a central stri= p of the island of Timor from the Ombai Strait to the Timor Sea, an= d is split between East Timor and West Timor, w= here it is considered a bahasa daerah or 'regional language', with no official stat= us in Indonesia, although it is used by the Diocese of Atambua in Roman Catholic rites.

The Nana'ek dialect is spoken in the village of Metinaro, on the = coastal road between Dili and Manatuto.

Tetun-Belu and Tetun-Terik are not spoken outside their ho= me territories. Tetun-Prasa is the form of Tetum that is spoken thro= ughout East Timor. Although Portuguese was the official language of Portuguese Timor until 1975, Tetun-Prasa has always been the= predominant lingua franca in the eastern part of the islan= d.
In the fifteenth century, before the arrival of the Portuguese, Tetu= m had spread through central and eastern Timor as a contact language under the aegis of the Belunese-speaking Kingdom of W= ehali, at that time the most powerful kingdom in the island. The Portug= uese (present in Timor from c. 1556) made most of their settlements in the = west, where Dawan was spoken, and it was not until 1769, when the capital was move= d from Lifau (Oecussi) to Dili that th= ey began to promote Tetum as an inter-regional language in their colony. Ti= mor was one of the few Portuguese colonies where a local language, and not = a form of Portuguese, became the lingua franca: this is because Po= rtuguese rule was indirect rather than direct, the Europeans governing thro= ugh local kings who embraced Catholicism and became vassals of the King of Portugal.^[12]
Following the Carnation Revolution in Portuga= l in 1974, Indonesia invaded E= ast Timor, declaring it "the Republic's 27th Province". The use of Port= uguese was banned, and Indonesian was declared the sol= e official language, but the Rom= an Catholic Church adopted Tetum as its liturgical language, making it = a focus for cultural and national identity.^[13=
] After the United Nations Transitional Ad= ministration in East Timor (UNTAET) took over governance in 1999, Tetun= (Dili) was proclaimed the country's official language, even though accordi= ng to Encarta Winkler Prins it was only spoken by about 8% of = the native population at the time, while the elite (consisting of 20 to 30 = families) spoke Portuguese and most adolescents had been educated in Indone= sian.^{[<=
/span>14]} When East Timor gai= ned its independence in 2002, Tetum and Portuguese were declared as officia= l languages. The 2010 census found that Tetum Prasa had 385,269 native spea= kers on a total population of 1,053,971, meaning that the share of native T= etum Prasa/Dili speakers had increased to 36.6% during the 2000s.^[15]
In addition to regional varieties of Tetum in East Timor, there are = variations in vocabulary and pronunciation, partly due to Portuguese and In= donesian influence. The Tetum spoken by East Timorese migrants living in Portuga= l and Australia are more Portuguese-influenced, as many of those speak= ers were not educated in Indonesian.

Vocabulary
= [= edit]

Indigenous
= [= edit]

The Tetum name for East Timor is Tim=C3=B3r Lorosa'e, which means 'Timor of the risi= ng sun', or, less poetically, 'East Timor'; lorosa'e comes from loro 'sun' and sa'e 'to rise, to go up'. The n= oun for 'word' is liafu= an, from lia= 'voice' and fuan 'fruit'. Some more words in Tetum:

=

aas = =E2=80=93 'high'

aat =E2= =80=93 'bad'

ai =E2= =80=93 'tree'

ai-fuan = =E2=80=93 'fruit'

ai-manas= =E2=80=93 'spice'

bee =E2= =80=93 'water'

belun = =E2=80=93 'friend'

boot =E2= =80=93 'big'

di'ak = =E2=80=93 'good'

domin = =E2=80=93 'love'

ema =E2= =80=93 'person, people'

fatin = =E2=80=93 'place'

feto =E2= =80=93 'woman'

foho =E2= =80=93 'mountain'

fulan = =E2=80=93 'moon/month'

funu =E2= =80=93 'war'

hamlaha = =E2=80=93 'hungry'

haan =E2= =80=93 'eat'

hah=C3=A1n =E2=80=93 'food'

hemu =E2= =80=93 'drink'

hotu =E2= =80=93 'all'

ida =E2= =80=93 'one'

kalan = =E2=80=93 'night'

ki'ik = =E2=80=93 'little'

kraik = =E2=80=93 'low'

labarik = =E2=80=93 'child'

lafaek = =E2=80=93 'crocodile'

lais =E2= =80=93 'fast'

lalenok = =E2=80=93 'mirror'

laran = =E2=80=93 'inside'

lia =E2= =80=93 'language'

liafuan = =E2=80=93 'word' (from = lian 'voice' and fuan 'fruit')

lian =E2= =80=93 'voice', 'language'

loos =E2= =80=93 'true'

loron = =E2=80=93 'day'

lokraik = =E2=80=93 'afternoon'

tauk =E2= =80=93 'sacred'

mane =E2= =80=93 'man'

maromak = =E2=80=93 'god'

moris = =E2=80=93 'life'

rain =E2= =80=93 'country'

tasi =E2= =80=93 'sea'

tinan = =E2=80=93 'year'

tebes = =E2=80=93 'very'

teen =E2= =80=93 'dirt'

toos =E2= =80=93 'hard'

uluk =E2= =80=93 'first'

ulun =E2= =80=93 'head'

From Portu= guese
[edit]

Words derived from Portuguese:

adeus =E2=80=93 'goodbye'

ajuda = =E2=80=93 'help'

aprende = =E2=80=93 'learn', from aprender

demais = =E2=80=93 'too much'

desizaun= =E2=80=93 'decision', from decis=C3=A3o

edukasaun =E2=80=93 'education', from educa=C3=A7=C3=A3o

envezde = 'instead of', from = em vez de

entaun = =E2=80=93 'so', 'well', from ent=C3=A3o

eskola = =E2=80=93 'school', from escola

governu = =E2=80=93 'government', from governo

igreja = =E2=80=93 'church'

ist=C3=B3ria =E2=80=93 'history', from hist=C3=B3ria

jerasaun= =E2=80=93 'generation', from gera=C3=A7=C3=A3o

keiju = =E2=80=93 'cheese', from queijo

komprende =E2=80=93 'understand', from compreender

menus = =E2=80=93 'less', from menos

obrigadu/a =E2=80=93 'thanks', from obrigado/a

paun =E2= =80=93 'bread', from p=C3=A3o

povu =E2= =80=93 'people', from povo

profes=C3=B3r =E2=80=93 'teacher', from professor
relijiaun =E2=80=93 'religion', from religi=C3=A3o
semana = =E2=80=93 'week'
serbisu = =E2=80=93 'work', from servi=C3=A7o
serveja = =E2=80=93 'beer', from cerveja
tenke = =E2=80=93 'must', from tem que
xefe =E2= =80=93 'chief', from chefe
ideia = =E2=80=93 'idea'
m=C3=BAzika =E2=80=93 'music', from m=C3=BAsica
esperi=C3=A9nsia =E2=80=93 'experience', from experi=C3=AAncia

teknolojia =E2=80=93 'technology', from tecnologia
forsa = =E2=80=93 'force', from for=C3=A7a
eletrisidade =E2=80=93 'electricity', from electricidade
terrorizmu =E2=80=93 'terrorism', from terrorismo
embaixada =E2=80=93 'embassy'
organizasaun =E2=80=93 'organization', from organiza=C3=A7=C3=A3o
arkitetura =E2=80=93 'architecture', from = arquitetura
kaf=C3=A9 =E2=80=93 'coffee', from caf=C3=A9
ekipamentu =E2=80=93 'equipment', from equipamento
prezidente =E2=80=93 'president', from presidente
fro=C3=B1as =E2=80=93 'pillowcases', from = fronhas
aviaun = =E2=80=93 'airplane', from avi=C3=A3o
kompa=C3=B1ia =E2=80=93 'company', from companhia
televizaun =E2=80=93 'television', from televis=C3=A3o
enje=C3=B1aria<= /span> =E2=80=93 'engineering', from engenharia
korrupsaun =E2=80=93 'corruption', from corrup=C3=A7=C3=A3o
pol=C3=ADsia =E2=80=93 'police', from pol=C3=ADcia
f=C3=ADzika =E2=80=93 'physics', from f=C3=ADsica
profisaun =E2=80=93 'profession', from profiss=C3=A3o
imposivel =E2=80=93 'impossible', from imposs=C3=ADvel
gitarrista =E2=80=93 'guitarist', from guitarrista
pasaporte =E2=80=93 'passport', from passaporte
mensajen= =E2=80=93 'message', from mensagem
Nat=C3=A1l =E2=80=93 'Christmas', from Natal

From Malay

= [= edit]

Tetum (left) and= Portuguese (right). From a Portuguese course for Tetum speakers. The text = says: "Some people pronounce wrongly '*meja', '*uja' and '*abuja' instead o= f 'mesa', 'usa' and 'abusa'."

As a result of Bazaar Malay being a regiona= l lingua franca and of Indonesian being a working lang= uage, many words are derived from Malay, including:

atus= 'hundred', from ratus
barak 'm= uch', from banyak
bele 'ca= n', from boleh
besi 'ir= on', from besi
udan 'ra= in', from hujan
dalan 'w= ay' or 'road', from jalan
fatu(k) = 'stone', from batu
fulan 'm= oon' or 'month' from bulan
malae 'f= oreigner', from melayu 'Malay'
manas 'h= ot', from panas
rihun 't= housand', from ribu
sala 'wr= ong', from salah
tulun 'h= elp', from tolong
dapur 'k= itchen', from dapur
uma 'hou= se', from rumah

In addition, as a legacy of Indonesian rule, other words of Malay origin have entered Tetum, t= hrough Indonesian.

Numerals

[<= a href=3D"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3DTetum_language&a= ction=3Dedit&section=3D7" title=3D"Edit section: Numerals">edit]

ida = 'one'
rua 'two= '
tolu 'th= ree'
haat 'fo= ur'
lima 'fi= ve'
neen 'si= x'
hitu 'se= ven'
ualu 'ei= ght'
sia 'nin= e'
sanulu '= ten'
ruanulu = 'twenty'

However, Tetum speakers often use Malay/Indonesian = or Portuguese numbers instead, such as delapan or oito 'eight' instead of ualu, especially= for numbers over one thousand.^{[=
citation needed]}

Combinations<= /h3>[= = edit]=

Tetum has many hybrid words, which are comb= inations of indigenous and Portuguese words. These often include an ind= igenous Tetum verb, with a Portuguese suffix -d=C3=B3r (similar to '= -er'). For example:

han = ('to eat') hand=C3=B3r<= /i> =E2=80=93 glutton

hemu ('t= o drink') hemud=C3=B3r<= /i> =E2=80=93 heavy drinker

hateten = ('to say') hatetend=C3= =B3r =E2=80=93 chatterbox, talkative person

sisi ('t= o nag, pester') sisid= =C3=B3r =E2=80=93 nag, pest

Basic phrase= s
[edit]

Bondia =E2=80=93 'Good morning' (from Portuguese Bom dia).

Di'ak ka lae? =E2=80=93 'How are you?' (literally 'Are you well or not?')

Ha'u di'ak =E2=80=93 'I'm fine.'

Obrigadu/Obrigada =E2=80=93 'Thank you', said by a male/female (from Portuguese Obrigado/Ob= rigada).

Ita bele ko'alia Te= tun? =E2=80=93 'Do you speak Tetum?'

Loos =E2= =80=93 'Right'

Lae =E2= =80=93 'No.'

Ha'u' [<= span title=3D"Tetum-language text">la] komprende =E2=80=93 '= I [do not] understand' (from Portuguese compreender).

Grammar
[edit]

Morphology
= [edit]
Personal= pronouns
[edit]

Singular Plural

1st person exclusive Ha'u(= -nia) Ami(-nia)

inclusive Ita(-nia)

2nd person familiar O(-nia) Imi(-nia)

polite Ita(-nia) Ita boot sira(-nia)=

3rd person Nia (ninia) Sira(-nia)

^=
[16]

(1)
Hau
1S
rona
= hear
asu
dog
hatenu
barking
Hau rona asu hatenu
1S h= ear dog barking
"I hear the dog barking"

(2)
Nia
3S
sosa
buys
cigarettes
Nia sosa sigaru
3S buys cigarette= s
"He/She buys cigarettes"

(3)
Ita
1PL
rona
hearing
r=C3=A1diu?
radio
Ita rona r=C3=A1diu?
1PL hearin= g radio
"Are we hearing a radio?"

(4)
Sira
3PL
moris
alive
hotu
all
ka?
?
Sira moris hotu ka?
= 3PL alive all ?
"Are they all alive?"
=

A common occurrence is to use titles such as Senhora for a woman or names rather tha= n pronouns when addressing people.

(1)
Senhora
Mrs
mai
come
hori
<= p style=3D"margin: 0px;">PAST
bain-hira?
when
Senhora mai hori bain-hira?
Mrs come PAST when
"When did you arri= ve?"^[16]

The second person singular pronoun <= i lang=3D"tet">=C3=93 is used generally with children, friends o= r family, while with strangers or people of higher social status, Ita or Ita boot is used.^[17]

(1)
Nina,
Nina
=C3=93
2S.FAM
iha
LOC
nebee?
where
Nina, =C3=93 iha neb= ee?
Nina 2S.FAM LOC where
"Nina, where are you?"

Nouns a= nd pronouns
[edit]

Plural
[edit= ]

The plural is not normally marked on nouns, but the word sira 'they' can express it = when necessary.

feto= 'woman/women' =E2=86=92 feto sira 'women'

However, the plural ending -s of nouns of Portuguese origin is so= metimes retained.

Estadus Unidus<= /i> =E2=80=93 United States (from Estados Unidos)

Nasoens Unidas<= /span> =E2=80=93 United Nations (from Na=C3=A7=C3=B5es Unidas)

Definiteness<= /h5>[= edit]

Tetum has an optional indefinite article ida ('one'), used after no= uns:

labarik ida= =E2=80=93 a child

There is no definite article, but the demonstratives ida-ne'e ('this one') = and ida-ne'eb=C3=A1= ('that one') may be used to express definiteness:

labarik ida-ne'= e =E2=80=93 this child, the child

labarik ida-ne'eb= =C3=A1 =E2=80=93 that child, the child

In the plural, sira-= ne'e ('these') or sira-ne'eb=C3=A1 ('those') are used:

labarik sira-ne= 'e =E2=80=93 these children, the children

labarik sira-ne'eb= =C3=A1 =E2=80=93 those children, the children

Possessive/genitive
[edit<= /span>]

The particle nia= forms the inalienable possessive, and can be used in a similar way = to 's in English, e.g.:

Jo=C3=A3o nia u= ma =E2=80=93 'Jo=C3=A3o's house'

Cristina nia livru<= /i> =E2=80=93 'Cristina's book'

When the possessor is postposed, representing alienable possession, nia becomes nian:

povu Tim=C3=B3r= Lorosa'e nian =E2=80=93 the people of East Timor

Inclusive and exclusive we
[edit]

Like other Austronesian languages, Tetum has two forms of we, ami (equivalent= to Malay kami) which is exclusive, e.g. "I and they", and ita (equivalent to Mala= y kita), which is inclusive, e.g. "you, I, and they".

ami-nia karreta= =E2=80=93 'our [family's] car'

ita-nia rain =E2=80=93 'our country'

Nominalizat= ion
[edit]=

Nouns derived from verbs or adjectives are usually formed with affixes, for e= xample the suffix -na'in, similar to "-er" in English.

hakerek 'write' =E2=86=92 = hakerek-na'in 'writer'

The suffix -na'in can also be used with nouns, in the sense of 'o= wner'.

uma = 'house' =E2=86=92 uma-= na'in 'householder'

In more traditional forms of Tetum, the circumfix ma(k)- -k is = used instead of -na'in. For example, the nouns 'sinner' or 'wrongdoe= r' can be derived from the word sala as either maksalak, or sala-na'in. Only the prefix ma(k)- is used when t= he root word ends with a consonant; for example, the noun 'cook' or 'chef' = can be derived from the word te'in as makte'in as well as te'in-na'in.
The suffix -teen (from the word for 'dirt' or 'excrement') ca= n be used with adjectives to form derogatory terms:

bosok 'false' =E2=86=92 bos= ok-teen 'liar'

Adjectives
= [edit]
Deri= vation from nouns
[edit]

To turn a noun into a nominalised adjective, the word oan ('person, child, associate= d object') is added to it.

malae 'foreigner' =E2=86=92 malae-oan 'foreign'

Thus, 'Timorese person' is Timor-oan, as opposed to the country of Timor, rai-Timor.
To form adjectives and actor nouns from verbs, the suffix -d=C3= =B3r (derived from Portuguese) can be added:

hateten 'tell' =E2=86=92 ha= tetend=C3=B3r 'talkative'

Gender
[edit= ]

Tetum does not have separate masculine and feminine gender, hence nia (similar to ia/dia<= /i>/nya in Malay) can mean either 'he', 'she' or 'it'.
Different forms for the genders only occur in Portuguese-derived adj= ectives, hence obrigadu= ('thank you') is used by men, and obrigada by women. The masculine and femi= nine forms of other adjectives derived from Portuguese are sometimes used w= ith Portuguese loanwords, particularly by Portuguese-educated speakers of T= etum.

governu demokr= =C3=A1tiku =E2=80=93 'democratic government' (from governo democr=C3=A1tico, masculine)

nasaun demokr=C3=A1= tika =E2=80=93 'democratic nation' (from na=C3=A7=C3=A3o democr=C3=A1tica, feminine)

In some instances, the different gender forms have distinct translations= into English:

bonitu =E2=80=93 'handsome'

bonita = =E2=80=93 'pretty'

In indigenous Tetum words, the suffixes -mane ('male') and -feto (= 'female') are sometimes used to differentiate between the genders:

oan-mane 'son' =E2=86=92 oa= n-feto 'daughter'

Comparatives and superlatives
[edit]

Superlatives can be formed from adjectives by reduplication:

barak 'much, many' =E2=86=92 babarak 'very much, many'

boot 'bi= g, great' =E2=86=92 bob= oot 'huge, enormous'

di'ak 'g= ood' =E2=86=92 didi'ak<= /i> 'very good'

ikus 'la= st' =E2=86=92 ikuikus 'the very last, final'

moos 'cl= ean, clear' =E2=86=92 m= omoos 'spotless, immaculate'

When making comparisons, the word liu ('more') is used after the adjective, optional= ly followed by duk=C3= =A9 ('than' from Portuguese do que):

Maria tuan liu = (duk=C3=A9) Ana =E2=80=94 Maria is older than Ana.

To describe something as the most or least, the word hotu ('all') is added:

Maria tuan liu = hotu =E2=80=94 Maria is the oldest.

Adverbs
[edit]

Adverbs can be formed from adjectives or nouns by reduplication:

di'ak 'good' =E2=86=92 didi= 'ak 'well'

foun 'ne= w, recent' =E2=86=92 fo= ufoun 'newly, recently'

kalan 'n= ight' =E2=86=92 kalakal= an 'nightly'

lais 'qu= ick' =E2=86=92 lailais<= /i> 'quickly'

loron 'd= ay' =E2=86=92 loroloron= 'daily'

Prepositions and circumpositions
= [edit]

The most commonly used prepositions in Tetum = are the verbs iha ('have', 'possess', 'specific locative') and baa/ba ('go', 'to', 'for'). Most pre= postional concepts of English are expressed by nominal phrases formed by us= ing iha, the= object and the position (expressed by a noun),optionally with the possessi= ve nia.

iha uma (nia) <= b>laran =E2=80=94 ' inside the house'

iha foho (nia) t= utun =E2=80=94 ' on top of the mountain'

iha meza leten =E2=80=94 ' on the table'

iha kadeira okos= =E2=80=94 ' under the chair'

iha rai li'ur =E2=80=94 ' outside the country'

iha ema (nia) le= et =E2=80=94 ' between the people'

Verbs
[edit]

Copula= and negation
[edit]

There is no verb to be as such, but the wo= rd la'=C3=B3s, which translates as 'not to be', is used for negation:

Timor-oan sira = la'=C3=B3s Indon=C3=A9zia-oan. =E2=80=94 'The Timorese are not I= ndonesians.'

The word maka, which roughly translates as 'who is' or 'what is', can be used with f= ronted phrases for focusing/ emphasis:

Jo=C3=A3o maka = gosta serveja. =E2=80=94 'It's John who likes beer.'

Interrogatio= n
[edit]

The interrogative is formed= by using the words ka<= /i> ('or') or ka= lae ('or not').

O bulak ka?= =E2=80=94 'Are you crazy?'

O gosta ha'u ka lae= ? =E2=80=94 'Do you like me?'

Derivation from nouns and adjectives
[edit]
Transitive verbs are formed by adding the prefix ha-= or hak- to a noun or adjective:

been= 'liquid' =E2=86=92 hab= een 'to liquify, to melt'

bulak 'm= ad' =E2=86=92 habulak 'to drive mad'

klibur '= union' =E2=86=92 haklib= ur 'to unite'

mahon 's= hade' =E2=86=92 hamahon= 'to shade, to cover'

manas 'h= ot' =E2=86=92 hamanas 'to heat up'

Intransitive verbs are formed by adding the prefix n= a- or nak- to a noun or adjective:

nabeen =E2=80=94 '(to be) liquified, melted'

nabulak = =E2=80=94 '(to be) driven mad'

naklibur= =E2=80=94 '(to be) united'

namahon = =E2=80=94 '(to be) shaded, covered'

namanas = =E2=80=94 '(to become) heated up'

Conjugations and inflections (in Tetun-Terik)
[edit]

In Tetun-Terik, verbs inflect when they begin with a vowel or consonant h. In this c= ase mutation of the first consonant occurs. For example,= the verb haree ('see') in Tetun-Te= rik would be conjugated as follows:

ha'u kar= ee =E2=80=94 'I see'

=C3=B3 mare= e =E2=80=94 'you (sing.) see'

nia naree =E2=80=94 'he/she/it sees'

ami haree =E2=80=94 'we see'

imi haree =E2=80=94 'you (pl.) see'

sira raree =E2=80=94 'they see'

Tenses
[edit= ]

Past
[edit]

Whenever possible, the past tense is simply inferred from the context, f= or example:

Horisehik ha'u = han etu =E2=80=93 'Yesterday I ate rice.'

However, it can be expressed by placing the adverb ona ('already') at the end of a s= entence.

Ha'u han etu on= a =E2=80=93 'I've (already) eaten rice.'

When ona = is used with la ('not') this means 'no more' or 'no longer', rather than 'have not':

Ha'u la han etu= ona =E2=80=93 'I don't eat rice anymore.'

In order to convey that an action has not occurred, the word seidauk ('not yet') is = used:

Ha'u seidauk ha= n etu =E2=80=93 'I haven't eaten rice (yet).'

When relating an action that occurred in the past, the word tiha ('finally' or 'wel= l and truly') is used with the verb.

Ha'u han tiha e= tu =E2=80=93 'I ate rice.'

Future
[edit= ]

The future tense is formed by placing the word sei ('will') before a verb:

Ha'u sei= f=C3=B3 hah=C3=A1n ba sira =E2=80=93 'I will give= them food.'

The negative is formed by adding la ('not') between sei and the verb:

Ha'u sei= la f=C3=B3 hah=C3=A1n ba sira =E2=80=93 'I will not give them food.'

Aspects
[edit]

Perfect
[edit]

The perfect aspect can be formed by using tiha ona.

Ha'u han etu ti= ha ona =E2=80=93 'I have eaten rice / I ate rice.'

When negated, tiha o= na indicates that an action ceased to occur:

Ha'u la han etu= tiha ona =E2=80=93 'I didn't eat rice anymore.'

In order to convey that a past action had not or never occurred, the wor= d ladauk ('n= ot yet' or 'never') is used:

Ha'u ladauk han= etu =E2=80=93 'I didn't eat rice / I hadn't eaten rice.'

Progressive[edit]
The progressive aspect can be obtained by placing the word <= i lang=3D"tet">hela ('stay') after a verb:

Sira serbisu he= la. =E2=80=93 'They're (still) working.'

Imperative
= [edit]
The imperative mood is formed using the word ba ('go') at the end of a = sentence, hence:

Lee surat ba! =E2=80=93 'Read the letter!'

The word lai ('just' or 'a bit') may also be used when making a request rather than = a command:

Lee surat lai =E2=80=93 'Just read the letter.'

When forbidding an action labele ('cannot') or <= i lang=3D"tet">keta ('do not') are used:

Labele fuma iha= ne'e! =E2=80=93 'Don't smoke here!'

Keta oho sira!<= /span> =E2=80=93 'Don't kill them!'

= Orthography and phonology
[edit]

See also: Tetum alphabet

The influence of Portuguese and to a lesser extent Malay/Indonesian on t= he phonology of Tetun has been extensive.

Tetum Vowels
Front Central Back

Close i u

Mid e o

Open =C3=A4

In the Tetum language, /a= /, /i/ and /u/ tend to have relativ= ely fixed sounds. However /e= / and /o/ vary= according to the environment they are placed in, for instance the sound is= slightly higher if the proceeding syllable is /u/ or /i/.^[18]

Tetum consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Nasal m n (=C9=B2&nb= sp;~ i=CC=AFn) (=C5=8B)

Stop (p) = b t = d k (=C9=A1) =CA=94

Fricative f (v) s (z) (=CA=83) (=CA=92) h

Approximant j w

Lateral l (=CA=8E ~ i=CC=AFl)

Flap =C9=BE

Trill (r)

All consonants appearing in parentheses are used only in loanwords.
Stops: All stops in Tetum are un-aspirated, meaning an expulsion of = breath is absent. In contrast, English stops, namely 'p' 't' and 'k' are ge= nerally aspirated.=20
Fricatives:=20 /v/ is an unstable vo= iced labio-dental fricative and tends to alternate with or is replaced by <= span class=3D"IPA nowrap" lang=3D"und-Latn-fonipa" title=3D"Representation = in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/; e.g. [a=CB=88vo=CB=90] =E2=80=93 [a=CB=88bo=CB=90] meaning= 'grandparent.'^[16]
As Tetum did not have any official recognition or support under eith= er Portuguese or Indonesian rule, it is only recently that a standardised o= rthography has been established by the National Institute of Linguistics [tet; pt] (INL). The standard orthography devised by the institute was decl= ared official by Government Decree 1/2004 of 14 April 2004.[19] However, there are still widespread va= riations in spelling, one example being the word bainhira or 'when', which has also bee= n written as bain-hira<= /i>, wainhira, waihira, uaihira. The use of =E2=9F=A8w=E2=9F=A9 or =E2=9F=A8u=E2=9F=A9 is a reflection of the pronunci= ation in some rural dialects of Tetun-Terik.
The current orthography originates from the spelling reforms underta= ken by Fretilin in 1974, when it launched literacy campaigns across East Tim= or, and also from the system used by the Catholic Church when it adopted Te= tum as its liturgical language during the Indonesian occupation. These invo= lved the transcription of many Portugu= ese words that were formerly written in their original spelling, for exampl= e, educa=C3=A7=C3= =A3o =E2=86=92 edukasaun 'education', and colonialismo =E2=86=92 kolonializmu 'colonialism'.
Reforms suggested by the International Committee for the Development= of East Timorese Languages (IACDETL) in 1996 included the replacement of t= he digraphs =E2=9F=A8nh= =E2=9F=A9 and = =E2=9F=A8lh=E2=9F=A9 (borrowed from Portuguese, where they stand= for the phonemes /=C9=B2/ and /=CA=8E/) w= ith =E2=9F=A8n=CC=84=E2=9F=A9 and =E2=9F=A8l=CC=84=E2=9F=A9 , respectively (as in certain = Basque orthographies), to avoid confusion with the /nh= / and /lh/, wh= ich also occur in Tetum. Thus, senhor 'sir' became sen=CC=84=C3=B3r, and trabalhador 'worker' became trabal=CC=84ad=C3=B3r= . Later, as adopted by IACDETL and approved by the INL in 2002, =E2=9F=A8n=CC=84=E2=9F=A9 and =E2= =9F=A8l=CC=84=E2=9F=A9 were replaced by [[=E2= =9F=A8=C3=B1=E2=9F=A9]] and [[=E2=9F=A8ll=E2= =9F=A9]] (as in Spanish). Thus, sen=CC=84=C3=B3r 'sir' became se=C3=B1=C3=B3r= , and trabal=CC=84ad=C3= =B3r 'worker' became traballad=C3=B3r. Some linguists favoured using =E2=9F=A8ny=E2=9F=A9 (as in Catala= n and Filipino) and =E2=9F=A8ly=E2=9F=A9 for these sounds, but the lat= ter spellings were rejected for being similar to the Indonesian system, and= most speakers actually pronounce =C3=B1 and ll as [i=CC=AFn] and [i=CC=AFl], respectively, with a semivo= wel [i=CC=AF] whi= ch forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel (but reduced to [n], [l] after /i/), not as the palatal consonants of Por= tuguese and Spanish. Thus, se=C3=B1=C3=B3r, traballad=C3=B3r are pronounced [sei=CC=AF=CB=88no=C9=BE], [t=C9=BEabai=CC=AFla=CB=88do=C9=BE], a= nd li=C3=B1a= , kartilla a= re pronounced [=CB=88lina], [ka=C9=BE=CB=88tila]<= /span>. As a result, some writers use =E2=9F=A8in=E2= =9F=A9 and =E2=9F=A8il=E2=9F=A9 instea= d, for example Juinu and Juilu<= /span> for June and July (Junho and Julho in Portuguese).
As well as variations in the transliteration of Portuguese loanwords= , there are also variations in the spelling of indigenous words. These incl= ude the use of double vowels and the apostrophe for the glottal stop<= /a>, for example boot =E2=86=92 bot= 'large' and ki'ik =E2=86=92 kiik 'small'.
The sound [z]= , which is not indigenous to Tetum but appears in many loanwords from Portu= guese and Malay, often changed to [s] in old Tetum and to [=CA=92] (written =E2=9F=A8j=E2=9F= =A9) in the speech of young speakers: for example, meja 'table' from Portuguese = mesa, an= d kamija 'sh= irt' from Portuguese camisa. In the sociolect of Tetum that is still used by the g= eneration educated during the Indonesian occupation, [z] and [=CA=92] may occur in free variation. For ins= tance, the Portuguese-derived word ezemplu 'example' is pronounced [e=CB=88=CA=92emplu] by some speakers, an= d conversely Janeiru 'January' is pronounced [zan=CB=88eiru]. The sound [v], also not native to the language, often shifted to [b], as in serbisu 'work' from Por= tuguese servi=C3=A7= o (also note that a modern INL convention promotes the use of serbisu for 'w= ork' and servisu for 'service').

See also
[<= a href=3D"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3DTetum_language&a= ction=3Dedit&section=3D38" title=3D"Edit section: See also">edit<= /span>]

Asia portal
Indonesia = portal
Languages portal

<= a href=3D"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class= =3D"mw-file-description">

Tetum edition of= Wi= kipedia, the free encyclopedia

Languages of East Ti= mor

The Lord's Prayer in Tetum at Wikisource=

References
= [edit]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Tetum at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

^ "Table 14: Second language/dialect by sex for the = population over four years of age". Timor-Leste Population and Housing Census 2015. Timor= -Leste Ministry of Finance.

^ Bauer, Laurie = (2007). The Linguistics Student's Handbook. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni= versity Press.

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Tetun Dili at= Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

^ "A Traveller's Dictionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetu= n". www.gnu.org. Retrieved = 13 June 2018.

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Manhitu, Yohanes (2016). T= etum, A Language For Everyone: Tetun, Lian Ida Ba Ema Hotu-Hotu. Ne= w York: Mondial. p. vii-viii. ISBN<= /a> 9781595693211. Retrieved 1 July 2019.

^ Grimes, Charles E.; Tom Therik; Grimes, Barbara Dix; Max Jacob = (1997). A Guide to the People and Languag= es of Nusa Tenggara (PDF). Kupang= : Artha Wacana Press. p. 52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-02. Ret= rieved 2019-11-12.

^ Hull 2004=

^ Catharina= Williams-van Klinken, 2011 (2nd ed.), Tetun Language Course, Peace = Corps East Timor, 2nd ed. 2011, footnote, p.58

^ Cathari= na Williams-van Klinken states otherwise,^[9]

^ Chen, Yen-Ling (20= 15), "Tetun Dili And Creoles: Another L= ook" (PDF), Working Papers in Ling= uistics, vol. 46, no. 7, University of Hawai=E2=80=98i at M= =C4=81noa

^ Hull, Geoffrey= (24 August 2004). "The Languages of East Timor: Some Basic Facts". Archived fr= om the original on 2008-01-19.

^ "Tetum and Other Languages of East Timor", fro= m Dr. Geoffrey Hull's Preface to Mai Kolia Tetun: A Course in Tetum-Prac= a (The Lingua Franca of East Timor)

^ Encarta= -encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993=E2=80=932002) s.v. "Oost-Timor. =C2=A71.5= Onafhankelijkheid". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.

^ "Table 13: Population distribution b= y mother tongue, Urban Rural and District". Volume 2: Population Distribution by Administr= ative Areas, Population and Housing Census of Timor-Leste (PDF). Timor-Leste Ministry of Finance. p. 20= 5.<= /span>

^ Ju= mp up to: ^a ^=
b ^c<= /a> Williams= -van Klinken, Catharina; Hajek, John; Nordlinger, Rachel (2002). Tetun Dili: A grammar of an East Timorese language= (PDF). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Th= e Australian National University. doi:= 10.15144/pl-528. hdl:<= span class=3D"id-lock-free" title=3D"Freely accessible">1885= /146149. ISBN 0858835096.

^ Williams-van Klinken, Catharina; Hajek, John (2006). "Patterns of address in Dili Tetum, East Timor". = Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. 29 (2): 21.1 =E2=80=93 21.18. doi:10.2104/aral0621.

^ Hull, G= eoffrey. (1999). Tetum, Language Manual for East Timor. Academy of East Tim= or Studies, Faculty of Education & Languages, University of Western Syd= ney Macathur.

^ "Governo Decreto no. 1/2004 de 14 de Abril "O Padr=C3=A3o= Ortogr=C3=A1fico da L=C3=ADngua T=C3=A9tum"= " (PDF).

National I= nstitute of Linguistics, National University of East Timor (Archived) i= ncludes several bilingual Tetum dictionaries, and articles about Tetum

Hull, Geoffrey, Standard Tetum-English Dictionary 2nd Ed, Allen = & Unwin Publishers ISBN<= /a> 978-1-86508-5= 99-9

Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor-Leste =E2=80=93 Rel= igion & Language

Th= e standard orthography of the Tetum language (PDF)

M= atadalan Ortografiku ba Lia-Tetun - Tetum Spelling Guide

Damien LEIRIS - Personal approach of the Tetum language (PDF)
Colonization, = Decolonization and Integration: Language Policies in East Timor, Indonesia,= by Nancy Melissa Lutz

Cu= rrent Language Issues in East Timor (Dr. Geoffrey Hull)

Van Klinken, Catharina (1999). A grammar o= f the Fehan dialect of Tetun, an Austronesian language of West Timor (PDF). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, T= he Australian National University. doi= :10.15144/PL-C155. ISBN= 0858835142.=

Hull, Geoffrey (1998). "The Languages of Timo= r 1772-1997: A Literature Review". Estudos de Linguas e Culturas de = Timor Leste (Studies in Languages and Cultures of East Timor). 1= : 1=E2=80=9338.<= /li>
= Ross, Melody A. (2017). Attitudes toward Tetun Dili, A Language of East Timor = (PDF) (phd thesis). University of Hawai= =CA=BBi at M=C4=81noa. hdl:10125/62504.

External li= nks
[edit]=

<= a href=3D"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg= " class=3D"mw-file-description">

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of= : Tetum

Peace Corps East Timor Tetun Language Manual (2011, 2nd edition; 2015, 3rd edition)

Intensive Tetun language courses at Dili Institute of Tec= hnology

Pictures from a Portuguese langu= age course, using Tetum, published in the East Timorese newspaper Lia Foun in D=C3=ADli (from Wikimedia Commons= )

Tetun website with sound files

Teach yourself Tetum... an intervi= ew with some information on the history of Tetum

Wordfinder (Tetun/English minidictionary) and other pub= lications available from Dili

Damien LEIRIS - Personal approach of the Tetum language (PDF)
Tetun dictionary

Tetum illustrated dictionary

Dili Institute of Technology In= stitute of Technology website

A Traveller's Di= ctionary in Tetun-English and English-Tetun includes some information o= n grammar, based on the Tetun-Terik dialect

Suara Timor Lorosae Daily newspaper in Tetum and I= ndonesian

Jo= rnal Nacional Seman=C3=A1rio Tetum page

Tetum dictionaries Archived= 2008-02-01 at the Wayback Machine

Tetun 1, Tetun 2 Tetun writing courses for East Timores= e university students, by Catharina Williams-van Klinken, Dili Institute of= Technology

Talk Tetum in Timor VisitEast= Timor.com Travel Guide help you to talk in East Timor

Robert Blust's field notes on Tetun are archiv= ed with Kaipuleohone

Kroon, Sjaak; Kurvers, Jeanne (2020). "L= anguage use, language attitudes and identity in the East Timorese diaspora = in the Netherlands". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Devel= opment. 41 (5): 444=E2=80=93456. <= a href=3D"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class=3D"mw-redir= ect" title=3D"Doi (identifier)">doi:10.1080/01434632.2019.1657= 872. S2CID 203062214.

v
<= abbr title=3D"Discuss this template">t
e<= /li>
Ce= ntral Malayo=E2=80=93Polynesian
Aru

Barakai

Batuley

Dobel

Karey

Koba

Kola

Lola

Lorang

Manombai

Mariri

Tarangan

Ujir

Central Maluku= *

Teor-Kur

West

Ambelau

Buru

Lisela

Hukumina =E2=80=A0
Palumata? =E2=80=A0

Moksela =E2=80=A0

Sula

Mangole

Taliabo

East

Banda

Bati

Benggoi

Bobot

Geser

Hoti =E2=80=A0

Liana

Masiwang

Salas

Watubela

Nunusaku

Huaulu

Kayeli =E2=80=A0

Manusela

Nuaulu

Wemale

Yalahatan

Piru Bay ?

Amahai

Asilulu

Boano

Haruku

Hitu

Kaibobo

Kamarian =E2=80=A0

Laha

Latu

Luhu =E2=80=A0

Manipa

Nusa Laut

Paulohi

Saparua

Seit-Kaitetu

Sepa-Teluti

Tulehu

Wakasihu

<= /div>
Flores=E2=80=93Lembata

Kedang

Sikka

Lamaholot

Adonara

Alorese

Ile Ape

Lamaholot

Lamalera

Lamatuka

Levuka

Lewo Eleng

Lewotobi

Mingar

South Lembata

Kei=E2=80=93Tanimbar ?

Fordata

Kei

Onin

Sekar

Uruangnirin

Yamdena

Sumba= =E2=80=93Flores
=
Sumba=E2=80=93Hawu <= div style=3D"padding:0 0.25em">
Savu

Dhao

Hawu

Sumba

Anakalangu

Baliledo

Kambera

Kodi

Lamboya

Mamboru

Pondok

Wanukaka

Wejewa

Western Flores

Ende

Kepo=CA=BC

Komodo

Lio

Manggarai

Nag=C3=A9-K=C3=A9o

Ngadha

Palu=CA=BCe

Rajong

Rembong

Riung

Rongga

So=CA=BCa

Wae Rana

Timoric *
=

Helong

Idalaka

Tetum

Babar
Dai
Dawera-Daweloor

Emplawas

Imroing

Masela

North Babar

Serili

Southeast Babar

Tela=CA=BCa

West Damar

Central Timor *

Kemak

Mambai

Tukudede

Bekais

Kawaimina

Kairui-Midiki

Habun ?

Naueti ?

Waimoa

Luangic=E2=80=93Kisaric ?

Kisar

Leti

Luang

Makuva =E2=80=A0

Romang

Rote=E2=80=93Meto

Amarasi

Bilba

Dela-Oenale

Dengka

Lole

Ringgou

Termanu

Tii

Uab Meto

TNS

East Damar

Nila =E2=80=A0

Serua =E2=80=A0

Teun

Wetar=E2=80=93Galoli ?

Atauran

Galoli

Wetar

Others

Bima

Kowiai

Selaru
Selaru

Seluwasan

* indicates proposed status

? indicates classification dispute

=E2=80=A0 indicates extinct status

v
t
e
Languages of East Timor
Official languages

Portuguese

Tetum

National languages

Atauru

Baikeno

Bekais

Bunak

Fataluku

Galoli

Habun

Idalaka

Kawaimina

Kemak

Makalero

Makasae

Makuva

Mambai

Tokodede

Hakka

Working languages <= div style=3D"padding:0 0.25em">
English

Indonesian

=
=
v
t
e
Languages of Indone= sia
Western Malayo-Polynesian languages
Official language

Ind= onesian
Slang

Malayo-Sumbawan =

Acehnese
Bakongan<= /span>

Anambas=E2=80=93Natuna Malay

Bacan Malay

Balinese
Bali Aga<= /span>

Nusa Penida

Bamayo

Bangka Malay

Banjarese

Batubara Malay

Belitung Malay

Bengkulu

Berau Malay

Besemah

Bonai

Bukit

Col/Lembak

Deli Malay
Medan Malay

Duano'

Enim

Haji

Iban
Mualang

Seberuang
=

Jambi Malay

Jaring Halus Malay

Kangean

Kapuas Hulu Malay

Kaur

Kayong Malay

Kendayan

Keninjal

Kerinci

Ketapang Malay

Kotawaringin Malay

Kualuh Malay

Kubu

Kutainese
Kota = Bangun

Tenggarong<= /a>

Landak Malay

Langkat Malay

Loncong

Lubu

Madurese
Bawean

Sapudi

Minangkabau
Jamee

Kampar
Kuantan

Mukomuko

Pesisir
<= /li>
Melawi Malay

Mempawah Malay

Musi
L= ematang

Palembang

Penesak=

Penukal

Rawas

Ogan

Palu Malay

Panai Malay

Pekal

Pontianak Malay

Riau Malay
Coastal Riau

Pangaraian

Rokan Hilir<= /span>

Siak

Tembilahan

Sambas Malay

Sanggau Malay

Sasak

Sekadau Malay

Serdang Malay

Semende

Sintang Malay

Sumbawa

Sundanese
Baduy

Bantenese

Brebes

Pri= angan

Tamiang Malay

Javanesic

Javanese
Arekan=

Banyumasan
C= irebonese

Indramayu

Osing

Serang
Tenggerese

Kawi

Celebic

Andio

Bada

Bahonsuai

Balaesang

Balantak

Banggai

Batui

Behoa

Boano

Bobongko

Bonerate

Bungku

Busoa

Cia-Cia

Dampelas

Dondo

Kalao

Kaili

Kaimbulawa

Kamaru

Kodeoha

Kulisusu

Kumbewaha

Lasalimu

Laiyolo

Lauje

Liabuku

Mbelala

Moronene

Mori Bawah

Mori Atas

Moma

Muna

Napu

Padoe

Pancana

Pendau

Rahambuu

Rampi

Saluan

Sarudu

Sedoa

Pamona

Taje

Tajio

Tukang Besi

Tolaki

Tomadino

Topoiyo

Tomini

Totoli

Uma

Waru

Wawonii

Wolio

Wotu

Lampungic

Komering
Kayuagung

Lampung
Northwest Sumatra=E2=80=93
Barrier Islands

Batak
Alas

Angkola

Dairi

Karo

M= andailing

Simalungun<= /a>

Toba

Enggano

Gayo

Mentawai

Nias

Simeulue

Sikule

South Sulawesi
Aralle-Tabulahan

Bambam

Bentong

Budong-Budong

Buginese

Campalagian

Coastal Konjo

Dakka

Duri

Embaloh

Enrekang

Highland Konjo

Kalumpang

Lemolang

Maiwa

Makassarese

Malimpung

Mamasa

Mamuju

Mandar

Panasuan

Pannei

Selayar

Seko Padang

Seko Tengah

Tae=E2=80=99

Talondo=E2=80=99=

Taman

Toraja-Sa= =E2=80=99dan

Ulumanda=E2=80=99<= /a>

Barito

Ampanang

Bakumpai

Bajaw

Deyah

Kohin

Lawangan

Ma'anyan

Malang

Ngaju

Ot Danum

Sama

Ot Siang

Tunjung

Witu

Pakau

Kayan=E2=80=93Murik

Aoheng

Aput

Bahau

Hovongan

Kayan

Krio

Modang

Punan Merah

Segai

Land Dayak

Bakati=E2=80=99

Biatah

Bukar Sadong

Jangkang

Kembayan

Lara=CA=BC

Nyadu=E2=80=99

Rejangese

Ribun

Sanggau

Sara

Semandang
Beginci

Gerai

Tringgus

North Bornean=

Bah-Biau

Basap

Bukat

Bukitan

Kelabit

Kenyah
Mains= tream

Lengilu

Lun Bawang

Murut
Okolod

Selungai

Sembakung

Tagol

Punan Merap

Punan Tubu

Sa'ban

Sajau

Tidung
Burusu

Kalabakan

Nonukan

Philippine languages
Central Phili= ppine

Tausug

Gorontalo-Mongond= ow

Bintauna

Bolango

Buol

Gorontaloan

Kaidipang

Lolak

Mongondow

Ponosakan

Suwawa

Minahasan

Tombulu

Tondano

Tonsawang

Tonsea

Tontemboan

Sangiric

Bantik

Ratahan

Sangir

Talaud

<= /div>

Anakalangu

Baliledo

Bima

Dhao

Ende

Gaura

Hawu

Kambera

K=C3=A9o

Kodi

Komodo

Lamboya

Lio

Mamboru

Manggarai

Nage

Ngadha

Palu'e

Pondok

Rajong

Rembong

Riung

Rongga

So'a

Kepo'

Wae Rana

Wanukaka

Wejewa

Aru

Barakai

Batuley

Dobel

Karey

Koba

Kola-Kompane

Lola

Lorang

Manombai

Mariri

Tarangan

Ujir

Central Maluku
Alune

Amahai

Ambelau

Asilulu

Banda

Bati

Benggoi

Boano

Bobot

Buru

Geser

Haruku
Hulaliu

Kailolo

Pelauw
Roh= omoni-Kabauw

Hitu

Hoti =E2=80=A0

Huaulu

Hukumina =E2=80=A0

Hulung =E2=80=A0

Kaibobo

Kamarian =E2=80=A0

Kayeli

Kowiai

Laha

Larike-Wakasihu

Latu

Liana-Seti

Lisabata-Nuniali=

Lisela

Loun =E2=80=A0

Luhu

Mangole

Manipa

Manusela

Masiwang

Naka'ela

Nuaulu

Nusa Laut

Paulohi

Salas

Saleman

Saparua

Seit-Kaitetu

Sepa-Teluti

Sula

Taliabo

Teor-Kur

Tulehu

Watubela

Wemale

Yalahatan

Flores=E2=80=93Lembata<= /th>

Alorese

Kedang

Lamaholot
Adonara

Ile Ape

Lamalera

Lamatuka

Levuka

Lewo Eleng
Lewotobi

South Lembata

West Lembata

Sika

Halmahera-
Cenderawasih

Ambai

Ambel

Ansus

Arguni

As

Bedoanas

Biak

Biga

Buli

Busami

Dusner

Erokwanas

Gane

Irarutu

Iresim

Kuri

Kurudu

Maba

Maden

Matbat

Ma'ya

Munggui

Marau

Meoswar

Mor

Papuma

Patani

Pom

Roon

Sawai

Serui-Laut

Taba

Tandia

Wabo

Wamesa

Wandamen

Waropen

Woi

Yaur

Yeretuar

Yeresiam

Kei-Tanimbar

Fordata

Kei

Onin

Sekar

Uruangnirin

Yamdena

Micronesian
Mapia =E2=80=A0
Selaru<= /th>

Selaru

Seluwasan

Sumba=E2=80=93Flores
Timor=E2=80= =93Babar

Amarasi

Bekais

Bilba

Dai

Dawera-Daweloor

Dela-Oenale

Dengka

East Damar

Emplawas

Galoli

Helong

Imroing

Kemak

Kisar

Leti

Lole

Luang

Masela

Nila

North Babar

Ringgou

Romang

Serili

Serua

Southeast Babar

Tela'a

Termanu

Tetum

Te'un

Tii

Uab Meto

West Damar

Welaun

Wetar

Western Oceanic =

Anus

Bonggo

Kayupulau

Liki

Masimasi

Ormu

Podena

Kaptiau

Sobei

Tarpia

Tobati

Wakde

Yamna

<= /div>

Buruwai

Casuarina Coast Asmat

Central Asmat

North Asmat

Citak

Mombum

Kamberau

Kamoro

Koneraw

Sempan

Kaure

Kosare

Bipim

Marind

Yaqay

Papuan languages
<= /th>
North Halmahera
Galela

Gamkonora

Kao

Loloda

Modole

Pagu

Sahu

Tabaru

Ternate

Tidore

Tobelo

Togutil

Waioli

West Makian

Timor= =E2=80=93Alor=E2=80=93Pantar

Abui

Adang

Blagar

Bunak

Kaera

Kafoa

Kamang

Klon

Kui

Kula

Nedebang

Oirata

Retta

Sawila

Teiwa

Wersing

Western Pantar

Woisika

Asmat=E2=80=93Mombum
West Bird's Head

Kalabra

Kuwani

Moi

Moraid

Seget

Tehit

South Bird's Head

Arandai

Dombano

Duriankari

Inanwatan

Kaburi

Kais

Kemberano

Kokoda

Konda

Kovojab

Puragi

Yahadian

East Bird's Hea= d

Hatam

Mansim

Meyah

Moskona

Sougb

West Bomberai

Baham

Iha

Karas

Dani

Grand Valley Dani

Hupla

Nduga

Nggem

Silimo

Walak

Wano

Western Dani

Yali

Paniai Lakes

Auye

Dao

Ekari

Moni

Wolani

Digul River

Aghu

Awbono

Bayono

Densar

Edera

Jair

Kombai

Komyandaret

Korowai

Mandobo

Pisa

Sawi

Shiaxa

Tsaukambo

Wambon

Foja Range

Airoran

Bagusa

Berik

Betaf

Bonerif

Dabe

Dineor

Edwas

Gresi

Isirawa

Itik

Kapori

Kauwera

Keijar

Kemtuik

Kwerba

Kwerba Mamberamo

Kwesten

Kwinsu

Mander

Massep

Mawes

Mekwei

Mlap

Namblong

Nimboran

Orya

Sause

Oksapmin

Samarokena

Trimuris

Vitou

Lakes Plain

Awera

Biritai

Doutai

Duvle

Eritai

Fayu

Foau

Iau

Kaiy

Keuw

Kirikiri

Kwerisa

Obokuitai

Papasena

Rasawa

Sikaritai

Tause

Taworta

Waritai

East Ce= nderawasih Bay

Baropasi

Bauzi

Burate

Demisa

Kofei

Nisa-Anasi

Sauri

Tefaro

Tunggare

Woria

Yawa

Saweru

Yawa

Demta=E2=80=93Sentani

Demta

Nafri

Sentani

Tabla

Ok

Burumakok

Faiwol

Iwur

Kopka

Muyu

Nakai

Ngalum

Ninggerum

Tangko

Tifal

Yonggom

Momuna=E2=80=93Mek

Eipo

Goliath

Ketengban

Kosarek

Korupun

Nalca

Nipsan

Somahai

Skou

Skou

South Pauwasi

Biksi-Yetfa

Kembra

Kimki

Lepki

Murkim

East Pauwasi

Emem

Zorop

West Pauwasi

Namla

Tebi

Tofanma

Towei

Usku

Kaure=E2=80=93Kosare
Marind=E2=80=93Yaqai
Bulaka River

Maklew

Yelmek

Kayagar

Atohwaim

Kayagar

Tamagario

Border <= div style=3D"padding:0 0.25em">
Awyi

Elseng

Taikat

Manem

Sowanda

Viid

Waris

Senagi

Dera

Mairasi

Mairasi

Mer

Semimi

Kolopom

Kimaghama

Morori

Ndom

Riantana

Yam

Ngkolmpu Kanum

Rema

Smerki

Tamer

Yei

Lower Mamberamo <= div style=3D"padding:0 0.25em">
Warembori

Yoke

Others

Abinomn

Abun

Amung

Burmeso

Dem

Kanum

Maklew

Maybrat

Molof

Momina

Mor

Mpur

Pyu

Sumuri

Tambora =E2=80=A0

Uhunduni

<= /div>
Other languages
<= th scope=3D"row" class=3D"navbox-group" style=3D"width:1%">Creoles= and Pidgins
Malay-based creoles

Alor Malay

Ambonese Malay

Banda Malay

Balinese Malay

Betawi

Gorap

Gorontalo Malay

Kupang Malay

Larantuka Malay

Manado Malay

Makassar Malay

Maumere Malay

North Moluccan Malay
Sula Malay
<= /ul>
Orang Pulo

Papuan Malay
Serui Malay

Peranakan
Surabayan=

O= ther creoles and pidgins

Bidau Creole Portuguese =E2=80=A0

Flores Creole Portuguese =E2= =80=A0

Javindo

Mardijker =E2=80=A0

Petjo

Pidgin Iha

Pidgin Onin

Portugis =E2=80=A0

Tansi

Pidgin Tukang Besi

Immigrant languages
Chinese

Cantonese

Fuqing

Fuzhounese

Hainanese

Hakka

Haklau

Hokkien
Medan

Riau=

Hinghwa

Mandarin

Teochew
Pontianak=

European

Dutch

English

Portuguese

Indian

Bengali

Gujarati

Odia

Pali

Punjabi

Sanskrit

Sindhi

Tamil

Telugu

Urdu

Middle Eastern

Arabic
Indonesian Arabic

Hadhrami Arabic

Modern Standard A= rabic

Others

Tagalog
Filipino

Japanese

Korean

Sign= languages

Indonesian Sign Languages

Kata Kolok

<= /div>
=E2=80=A0 indicate extinct languages

Authority control databases: National
United States
France
BnF data
Czech Republic
Israel

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3DTetum_lang= uage&oldid=3D1266076842"

Categories: <= ul>
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	Singular	Plural
1st person	exclusive	Ha'u(= -nia)	Ami(-nia)
inclusive	Ita(-nia)
2nd person	familiar	O(-nia)	Imi(-nia)
polite	Ita(-nia)	Ita boot sira(-nia)=
3rd person	Nia (ninia)	Sira(-nia)